前言
pyquery是一個類似jquery的python庫,它實現能夠在xml文檔中進行jQuery查詢,pyquery使用lxml解析器進行快速在xml和html文檔上操作,它提供了和jQuery類似的語法來解析HTML文檔,支持CSS選擇器,使用非常方便
1、pyquery安裝
pip方式安裝:
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$pip install pyquery #它依賴cssselect和lxml包 pyquery==1.4.0 - cssselect [required: >0.7.9, installed: 1.0.3] #CSS選擇器并將它轉換為XPath表達式 |
驗證安裝:
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In [1]: import pyquery In [2]: pyquery.text |
2、pyquery對象初始化
pyquery首先需要傳入HTML文本來初始化一個pyquery對象,它的初始化方式有多種,如直接傳入字符串,傳入URL或者傳入文件名
(1)字符串初始化
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from pyquery import PyQuery as pq html = ''' <div id="wenzhangziti" class="article 389862"><p>人生是一條沒有盡頭的路,不要留戀逝去的夢,把命運掌握在自己手中,讓我們來掌握自己的命運,別讓別人的干擾與誘惑,別讓功名與利祿,來打翻我們這壇陳釀已久的命運之酒!</p> </div> ''' doc = pq(html) #初始化并創建pyquery對象 print ( type (doc)) print (doc( 'p' ).text()) # < class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery' > 人生是一條沒有盡頭的路,不要留戀逝去的夢,把命運掌握在自己手中,讓我們來掌握自己的命運,別讓別人的干擾與誘惑,別讓功名與利祿,來打翻我們這壇陳釀已久的命運之酒! |
(2)URL初始化
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from pyquery import PyQuery as pq doc = pq(url = 'https://www.cnblogs.com/zhangxinqi/p/9218395.html' ) print ( type (doc)) print (doc( 'title' )) # < class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery' > <title>python3解析庫BeautifulSoup4 - Py.qi - 博客園< / title>& #13; |
PyQuery能夠從url加載一個html文檔,之際上是默認情況下調用python的urllib庫去請求響應,如果requests已安裝的話它將使用requests來請求響應,那我們就可以使用request的請求參數來構造請求了,實際請求如下:
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from pyquery import PyQuery as pq import requests doc = pq(requests.get(url = 'https://www.cnblogs.com/zhangxinqi/p/9218395.html' ).text) print ( type (doc)) print (doc( 'title' )) #輸出同上一樣 < class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery' > <title>python3解析庫BeautifulSoup4 - Py.qi - 博客園< / title>& #13; |
(3)通過文件初始化
通過本地的HTML文件來構造PyQuery對象
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from pyquery import PyQuery as pq doc = pq(filename = 'demo.html' ,parser = 'html' ) #doc=pq(open('demo.html','r',encoding='utf-8').read(),parser='html') #注意:在讀取有中文的HTML文件時,請使用此方法,否則會報解碼錯誤 print ( type (doc)) print (doc( 'p' )) |
3、CSS選擇器
在使用屬性選擇器中,使用屬性選擇特定的標簽,標簽和CSS標識必須引用為字符串,它會過濾篩選符合條件的節點打印輸出,返回的是一個PyQuery類型對象
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from pyquery import PyQuery as pq import requests html = ''' <div id="container"> <ul class="list"> <li class="item-0">first item</li> <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item</a></li> <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fourth item</a></li> <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fifth item</a></li> </ul> </div> ''' doc = pq(html,parser = 'html' ) print (doc( '#container .list .item-0 a' )) print (doc( '.list .item-1' )) # <a href = "link3.html" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" ><span class = "bold" >third item< / span>< / a><a href = "link5.html" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" >fifth item< / a> <li class = "item-1" ><a href = "link2.html" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" >second item< / a>< / li> <li class = "item-1 active" ><a href = "link4.html" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" rel = "external nofollow" >fourth item< / a>< / li> |
4、查找節點
PyQuery使用查詢函數來查詢節點,同jQuery中的函數用法完全相同
(1)查找子節點和子孫節點
使用find()方法獲取子孫節點,children()獲取子節點,使用以上的HTML代碼測試
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from pyquery import PyQuery as pq import requests doc = pq(html,parser = 'html' ) print ( 'find:' ,doc.find( 'a' )) print ( 'children:' ,doc( 'li' ).children( 'a' )) |
(2)獲取父節點和祖先節點
parent()方法獲取父節點,parents()獲取祖先節點
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doc(. list ).parent() doc(. list ).parents() |
(3)獲取兄弟節點
siblings()方法用來獲取兄弟節點,可以嵌套使用,傳入CSS選擇器即可繼續匹配
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doc( '.list .item-0 .active' ).siblings( '.active' ) |
5、遍歷
對于pyquery的選擇結果可能是多個字節,也可能是單個節點,類型都是PyQuery類型,它沒有返回列表等形式,對于當個節點我們可指直接打印輸出或者直接轉換成字符串,而對于多個節點的結果,我們需要遍歷來獲取所有節點可以使用items()方法,它會返回一個生成器,循環得到的每個節點類型依然是PyQuery類型,所以我們可以繼續方法來選擇節點或屬性,內容等
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lis = doc( 'li' ).items() for i in lis: print (i( 'a' )) #繼續獲取節點下的子節點 |
6、獲取信息
attr()方法用來獲取屬性,如返回的結果有多個時可以調用items()方法來遍歷獲取
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doc( '.item-0.active a' ).attr( 'href' ) #多屬性值中間不能有空格 |
text()方法用來獲取文本內容,它只返回內部的文本信息不包括HTML文本內容,如果想返回包括HTML的文本內容可以使用html()方法,如果結果有多個,text()方法會方法所有節點的文本信息內容并將它們拼接用空格分開返回字符串內容,html()方法只會返回第一個節點的HTML文本,如果要獲取所有就需要使用items()方法來遍歷獲取了
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from pyquery import PyQuery as pq html = ''' <div id="container"> <ul class="list"> <li class="item-0">first item</li> <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> </ul> </div> ''' doc = pq(html,parser = 'html' ) print ( 'text:' ,doc( 'li' ).text()) #獲取li節點下的所有文本信息 lis = doc( 'li' ).items() for i in lis: print ( 'html:' ,i.html()) #獲取所有li節點下的HTML文本 # text: first item second item third item fourth item fifth item html: first item html: <a href = "link2.html" >second item< / a> html: <a href = "link3.html" ><span class = "bold" >third item< / span>< / a> html: <a href = "link4.html" >fourth item< / a> html: <a href = "link5.html" >fifth item< / a> |
7、節點操作
pyquery提供了一系列方法來對節點進行動態修改,如添加一個class,移除某個節點,修改某個屬性的值
addClass()增加Class,removeClass()刪除Class
attr()增加屬性和值,text()增加文本內容,html()增加HTML文本,remove()移除
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from pyquery import PyQuery as pq import requests html = ''' <div id="container"> <ul class="list"> <li id="1">first item</li> <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> <li class="item-2 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> <li class="item-3 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> <li class="item-4"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> </ul> </div> ''' doc = pq(html,parser = 'html' ) print (doc( '#1' )) print (doc( '#1' ).add_class( 'myclass' )) #增加Class print (doc( '.item-1' ).remove_class( 'item-1' )) #刪除Class print (doc( '#1' ).attr( 'name' , 'link' )) #添加屬性name = link print (doc( '#1' ).text( 'hello world' )) #添加文本 print (doc( '#1' ).html( '<span>changed item</span>' )) #添加HTML文本 print (doc( '.item-2.active a' ).remove( 'span' )) #刪除節點 # <li id = "1" >first item< / li> <li id = "1" class = "myclass" >first item< / li> <li class = " "><a href=" link2.html">second item< / a>< / li> <li id = "1" class = "myclass" name = "link" >first item< / li> <li id = "1" class = "myclass" name = "link" >hello world< / li> <li id = "1" class = "myclass" name = "link" ><span>changed item< / span>< / li> <a href = "link3.html" / > |
after()在節點后添加值
before()在節點之前插入值
append()將值添加到每個節點
contents()返回文本節點內容
empty()刪除節點內容
remove_attr()刪除屬性
val()設置或獲取屬性值
另外還有很多節點操作方法,它們和jQuery的用法完全一致,詳細請參考:http://pyquery.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html
8、偽類選擇器
CSS選擇器之所以強大,是因為它支持多種多樣的偽類選擇器,如:選擇第一個節點,最后一個節點,奇偶數節點等。
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#!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8 from pyquery import PyQuery as pq html = ''' <div id="container"> <ul class="list"> <li id="1">first item</li> <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> <li class="item-2 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> <li class="item-3 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> <li class="item-4"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> </ul> <div><input type="text" value="username"/></div> </div> ''' doc = pq(html,parser = 'html' ) print ( '第一個li節點:' ,doc( 'li:first-child' )) #第一個li節點 print ( '最后一個li節點:' ,doc( 'li:last_child' )) #最后一個li節點 print ( '第二個li節點:' ,doc( 'li:nth-child(2)' )) #第二個li節點 print ( '第三個之后的所有li節點:' ,doc( 'li:gt(2)' )) #第三個之后的所有li節點 print ( '偶數的所有li節點:' ,doc( 'li:nth-child(2n)' )) #偶數的所有li節點 print ( '包含文本內容的節點:' ,doc( 'li:contains(second)' )) #包含文本內容的節點 print ( '索引第一個節點:' ,doc( 'li:eq(0)' )) print ( '奇數節點:' ,doc( 'li:even' )) print ( '偶數節點:' ,doc( 'li:odd' )) # 第一個li節點: <li id = "1" >first item< / li> 最后一個li節點: <li class = "item-4" ><a href = "link5.html" >fifth item< / a>< / li> 第二個li節點: <li class = "item-1" ><a href = "link2.html" >second item< / a>< / li> 第三個之后的所有li節點: <li class = "item-3 active" ><a href = "link4.html" >fourth item< / a>< / li> <li class = "item-4" ><a href = "link5.html" >fifth item< / a>< / li> 偶數的所有li節點: <li class = "item-1" ><a href = "link2.html" >second item< / a>< / li> <li class = "item-3 active" ><a href = "link4.html" >fourth item< / a>< / li> 包含文本內容的節點: <li class = "item-1" ><a href = "link2.html" >second item< / a>< / li> 索引第一個節點: <li id = "1" >first item< / li> 奇數節點: <li id = "1" >first item< / li> <li class = "item-2 active" ><a href = "link3.html" ><span class = "bold" >third item< / span>< / a>< / li> <li class = "item-4" ><a href = "link5.html" >fifth item< / a>< / li> 偶數節點: <li class = "item-1" ><a href = "link2.html" >second item< / a>< / li> <li class = "item-3 active" ><a href = "link4.html" >fourth item< / a>< / li> |
更多偽類參考:http://pyquery.readthedocs.io/en/latest/pseudo_classes.html
更多css選擇器參考:http://www.w3school.com.cn/cssref/css_selectors.asp
9、實例應用
抓取http://www.mzitu.com網站美女圖片12萬張用時28分鐘,總大小9G,主要受網絡帶寬影響,下載數據有點慢
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#!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8 import requests from requests.exceptions import RequestException from pyquery import PyQuery as pq from PIL import Image from PIL import ImageFile from io import BytesIO import time from multiprocessing import Pool,freeze_support ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES = True headers = { 'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/67.0.3396.62 Safari/537.36' , 'Referer' : 'http://www.mzitu.com' } img_headers = { 'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/67.0.3396.62 Safari/537.36' , 'Referer' : 'http://i.meizitu.net' } #保持會話請求 sesion = requests.Session() #獲取首頁所有URL并返回列表 def get_url(url): list_url = [] try : html = sesion.get(url,headers = headers).text doc = pq(html,parser = 'html' ) url_path = doc( '#pins > li' ).children( 'a' ) for i in url_path.items(): list_url.append(i.attr( 'href' )) except RequestException as e: print ( 'get_url_RequestException:' ,e) except Exception as e: print ( 'get_url_Exception:' ,e) return list_url #組合首頁中每個地址的圖片分頁返回列表 def list_get_pages(list_url): list_url_fen = [] try : for i in list_url: doc_children = pq(sesion.get(i,headers = headers).text,parser = 'html' ) img_number = doc_children( 'body > div.main > div.content > div.pagenavi > a:nth-child(7) > span' ).text() number = int (img_number.strip()) for j in range ( 1 ,number + 1 ): list_url_fen.append(i + '/' + str (j)) except ValueError as e: print ( 'list_get_pages_ValueError:' ,e) except RequestException as e: print ( 'list_get_pages_RequestException' ,e) except Exception as e: print ( 'list_get_pages_Exception:' ,e) return list_url_fen #獲取image地址并下載圖片 def get_image(url): im_path = '' try : html = sesion.get(url, headers = headers).text doc = pq(html,parser = 'html' ) im_path = doc( '.main-image a img' ).attr( 'src' ) image_names = ' '.join(im_path.split(' / ')[ - 3 :]) image_path = 'D:\images\\' + image_names with open ( 'img_url.txt' , 'a' ) as f: f.write(im_path + '\n' ) r = requests.get(im_path,headers = img_headers) b = BytesIO(r.content) i = Image. open (b) i.save(image_path) b.close() i.close() #print('下載圖片:{}成功!'.format(image_names)) except RequestException as e: print ( 'RequestException:' ,e) except OSError as e: print ( 'OSError:' ,e) except Exception as e: #必須捕獲所有異常,運行中有一些鏈接地址不符合抓取規律,需要捕獲異常使程序正常運行 print ( 'Exception:' ,e) return im_path #主調用函數 def main(item): url1 = 'http://www.mzitu.com/page/{}' . format (item) #分頁地址 print ( '開始下載地址:{}' . format (url1)) 獲取首頁鏈接地址 html = get_url(url1) #獲取分頁鏈接地址 list_fenurl = list_get_pages(html) #根據分頁鏈接地址獲取圖片并下載 for i in list_fenurl: get_image(i) return len (list_fenurl) #統計下載數 if __name__ = = '__main__' : freeze_support() #windows下進程調用時必須添加 pool = Pool() #創建進程池 start = time.time() count = pool. map (main,[i for i in range ( 1 , 185 )]) #多進程運行翻頁主頁 print ( sum (count),count) #獲取總的下載數 end = time.time() data = time.strftime( '%M:%S' ,time.localtime(end - start)) #獲取程序運行時間 print ( '程序運行時間:{}分{}秒' . format ( * data.split( ':' ))) #學習階段,代碼寫得通用性很差,以后改進! #運行結果 #會有幾個報錯都忽略了是獲取文件名時的分割問題和在圖片很少的情況下導致獲取不到單分頁圖片的數目,先忽略以后有時間再改正 #Exception: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'split' #list_get_pages_ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '下一頁»' 開始下載地址:http: / / www.mzitu.com / page / 137 OSError: image file is truncated ( 22 bytes not processed) 開始下載地址:http: / / www.mzitu.com / page / 138 程序運行時間: 28 分 27 秒 進程完成,退出碼 0 |
pyquery相關鏈接:
GitHub:https://github.com/gawel/pyquery
PyPI:https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyquery
官方文檔:http://pyquery.readthedocs.io
總結
以上就是這篇文章的全部內容了,希望本文的內容對大家的學習或者工作具有一定的參考學習價值,如果有疑問大家可以留言交流,謝謝大家對服務器之家的支持。
原文鏈接:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhangxinqi/p/9219476.html