前言
前面幾篇文章,學習了Spring IOC、Bean實例化過程、AOP、事務的源碼和設計思想,了解了Spring的整體運行流程,但如果是web開發,那么必不可少的還有Spring MVC,本篇主要分析在請求調用過程中SpringMVC的實現原理,通過本篇要搞懂它是怎么解決請求、參數、返回值映射等問題的。
正文
請求入口
我們都知道前端調用后端接口時,都會通過Servlet進行轉發,而Servlet的聲明周期包含下面四個階段:
實例化(new)
初始化(init)
執行(service調用doGet/doPost)
銷毀(destroy)
前兩個階段在Spring啟動階段就做好了(init根據配置可能是第一次請求時才會調用),銷毀是服務關閉的時候進行,本文主要分析的就是請求執行階段。我們知道SpringMVC的核心就是DispatcherServlet,該類是對Servlet的擴展,所以直接從該類的service方法開始,但在此類中沒有service方法,那肯定是在其父類中,我們先來看看其繼承體系:
逐個往上找,在FrameworkServlet方法中就有一個service方法:
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protected void service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { HttpMethod httpMethod = HttpMethod.resolve(request.getMethod()); if (httpMethod == HttpMethod.PATCH || httpMethod == null ) { processRequest(request, response); } else { super .service(request, response); } } protected void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { String method = req.getMethod(); if (method.equals(METHOD_GET)) { long lastModified = getLastModified(req); if (lastModified == - 1 ) { doGet(req, resp); } else { long ifModifiedSince = req.getDateHeader(HEADER_IFMODSINCE); if (ifModifiedSince < lastModified) { maybeSetLastModified(resp, lastModified); doGet(req, resp); } else { resp.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_MODIFIED); } } } else if (method.equals(METHOD_HEAD)) { long lastModified = getLastModified(req); maybeSetLastModified(resp, lastModified); doHead(req, resp); } else if (method.equals(METHOD_POST)) { doPost(req, resp); } else if (method.equals(METHOD_PUT)) { doPut(req, resp); } else if (method.equals(METHOD_DELETE)) { doDelete(req, resp); } else if (method.equals(METHOD_OPTIONS)) { doOptions(req,resp); } else if (method.equals(METHOD_TRACE)) { doTrace(req,resp); } else { String errMsg = lStrings.getString( "http.method_not_implemented" ); Object[] errArgs = new Object[ 1 ]; errArgs[ 0 ] = method; errMsg = MessageFormat.format(errMsg, errArgs); resp.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, errMsg); } } |
但其主要還是調用父類HttpServlet中的方法,而該類又會根據不同的請求方式會調到子類中,最后的核心方法就是DispatcherServlet中的doDispatch方法:
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protected void doDispatch(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception { HttpServletRequest processedRequest = request; HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler = null ; boolean multipartRequestParsed = false ; //異步管理 WebAsyncManager asyncManager = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request); try { ModelAndView mv = null ; Exception dispatchException = null ; try { //文件上傳 processedRequest = checkMultipart(request); multipartRequestParsed = (processedRequest != request); //這個方法很重要,重點看 // Determine handler for the current request. mappedHandler = getHandler(processedRequest); if (mappedHandler == null ) { noHandlerFound(processedRequest, response); return ; } //獲取跟HandlerMethod匹配的HandlerAdapter對象 // Determine handler adapter for the current request. HandlerAdapter ha = getHandlerAdapter(mappedHandler.getHandler()); // Process last-modified header, if supported by the handler. String method = request.getMethod(); boolean isGet = "GET" .equals(method); if (isGet || "HEAD" .equals(method)) { long lastModified = ha.getLastModified(request, mappedHandler.getHandler()); if ( new ServletWebRequest(request, response).checkNotModified(lastModified) && isGet) { return ; } } //前置過濾器,如果為false則直接返回 if (!mappedHandler.applyPreHandle(processedRequest, response)) { return ; } //調用到Controller具體方法,核心方法調用,重點看看 // Actually invoke the handler. mv = ha.handle(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler.getHandler()); if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) { return ; } applyDefaultViewName(processedRequest, mv); //中置過濾器 mappedHandler.applyPostHandle(processedRequest, response, mv); } catch (Exception ex) { dispatchException = ex; } catch (Throwable err) { // As of 4.3, we're processing Errors thrown from handler methods as well, // making them available for @ExceptionHandler methods and other scenarios. dispatchException = new NestedServletException( "Handler dispatch failed" , err); } //視圖渲染及后置過濾器執行 processDispatchResult(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, mv, dispatchException); } catch (Exception ex) { triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, ex); } catch (Throwable err) { triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, new NestedServletException( "Handler processing failed" , err)); } finally { if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) { // Instead of postHandle and afterCompletion if (mappedHandler != null ) { mappedHandler.applyAfterConcurrentHandlingStarted(processedRequest, response); } } else { // Clean up any resources used by a multipart request. if (multipartRequestParsed) { cleanupMultipart(processedRequest); } } } } |
MVC的所有處理邏輯都在這個方法中,先總結一下這個方法的實現邏輯,首先根據請求的url拿到緩存中的HandlerMethod對象和執行鏈對象,HandlerMethod中封裝了controller對象、方法對象和方法參數等信息,執行鏈則是包含了一個個HandlerInterceptor攔截器;然后再通過HandlerMethod拿到對應的HandlerAdapter,這個對象的作用就是去適配我們的controller;準備工作做完后,首先會執行前置過濾,如果被攔截則直接返回,否則就去調用controller中的方法執行我們的業務邏輯并返回一個ModelView對象;接著執行中置過濾器,以及處理全局異常捕獲器捕獲到異常;最后進行視圖渲染返回并執行后置過濾器進行資源釋放等工作。
以上就是MVC的整體執行流程,下面就逐個來分析,首先進入getHandler方法:
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protected HandlerExecutionChain getHandler(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception { //handlerMappering實例 if ( this .handlerMappings != null ) { for (HandlerMapping mapping : this .handlerMappings) { //獲取HandlerMethod和過濾器鏈的包裝類 HandlerExecutionChain handler = mapping.getHandler(request); if (handler != null ) { return handler; } } } return null ; } |
是委托給HandlerMapping對象的,這是一個接口,主要的實現類是RequestMappingHandlerMapping,同樣先來看看其繼承體系:
這個類是管理請求和處理類之間的映射關系的,你是否疑惑它是在哪里實例化的呢?下面先來看看MVC組件的初始化。
組件初始化
這里我以自動化配置的注解方式說明,Spring提供了一個@EnableWebMvc,通過前面的學習我們知道在這個注解中必定導入了一個配置類,點進去可以看到是DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration,這個類就是負責MVC的組件和擴展實現的初始化,其本身我們先不看,先看其父類WebMvcConfigurationSupport,這個類我們應該不陌生,要做一些自定義擴展時就需要繼承該類(如攔截器Interceptor),同樣作用的類還有WebMvcConfigurerAdapter,這個類是對前者相對安全的擴展,為什么是相對安全呢?因為繼承前者會導致自動配置失效,而使用后者則不必擔心此問題,只需要在類上加上@EnableWebMvc注解。
在WebMvcConfigurationSupport中我們可以看到很多@Bean標注的方法,也就是mvc組件的實例化,這里主要看看requestMappingHandlerMapping,其余的可自行閱讀理解,也就是一些Bean的注冊:
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public RequestMappingHandlerMapping requestMappingHandlerMapping() { RequestMappingHandlerMapping mapping = createRequestMappingHandlerMapping(); mapping.setOrder( 0 ); mapping.setInterceptors(getInterceptors()); mapping.setContentNegotiationManager(mvcContentNegotiationManager()); mapping.setCorsConfigurations(getCorsConfigurations()); ......省略 return mapping; } |
這里主要看getInterceptors方法如何獲取攔截器的:
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protected final Object[] getInterceptors() { if ( this .interceptors == null ) { InterceptorRegistry registry = new InterceptorRegistry(); //鉤子方法,需要自己定義 addInterceptors(registry); registry.addInterceptor( new ConversionServiceExposingInterceptor(mvcConversionService())); registry.addInterceptor( new ResourceUrlProviderExposingInterceptor(mvcResourceUrlProvider())); this .interceptors = registry.getInterceptors(); } return this .interceptors.toArray(); } |
第一次進來會調用addInterceptors添加攔截器,這是一個模板方法,在子類DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration中實現:
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private final WebMvcConfigurerComposite configurers = new WebMvcConfigurerComposite(); protected void addInterceptors(InterceptorRegistry registry) { this .configurers.addInterceptors(registry); } public void addInterceptors(InterceptorRegistry registry) { for (WebMvcConfigurer delegate : this .delegates) { delegate.addInterceptors(registry); } } |
可以看到最終是調用WebMvcConfigurer的addInterceptors方法,也就是我們對WebMvcConfigurerAdapter的自定義擴展。看到這里我們應該明白了MVC的組件是如何添加到IOC容器中的,但是DispatcherServlet又是怎么獲取到它們的呢?回到之前的代碼中,在DispatcherServlet這個類中有一個onRefresh方法,這個方法又調用了initStrategies方法完成了MVC九大組件的注冊:
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protected void onRefresh(ApplicationContext context) { initStrategies(context); } protected void initStrategies(ApplicationContext context) { initMultipartResolver(context); initLocaleResolver(context); initThemeResolver(context); initHandlerMappings(context); initHandlerAdapters(context); initHandlerExceptionResolvers(context); initRequestToViewNameTranslator(context); initViewResolvers(context); initFlashMapManager(context); } private void initHandlerMappings(ApplicationContext context) { this .handlerMappings = null ; if ( this .detectAllHandlerMappings) { // Find all HandlerMappings in the ApplicationContext, including ancestor contexts. Map<String, HandlerMapping> matchingBeans = BeanFactoryUtils.beansOfTypeIncludingAncestors(context, HandlerMapping. class , true , false ); if (!matchingBeans.isEmpty()) { this .handlerMappings = new ArrayList<>(matchingBeans.values()); // We keep HandlerMappings in sorted order. AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort( this .handlerMappings); } } else { try { HandlerMapping hm = context.getBean(HANDLER_MAPPING_BEAN_NAME, HandlerMapping. class ); this .handlerMappings = Collections.singletonList(hm); } catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) { // Ignore, we'll add a default HandlerMapping later. } } if ( this .handlerMappings == null ) { this .handlerMappings = getDefaultStrategies(context, HandlerMapping. class ); } } |
以initHandlerMappings為例,其它組件實現邏輯基本一樣。首先從IOC容器中拿到handlerMappings的所有實現類(WebMvcConfigurationSupport中注入的對象就在這里被獲取到),若沒有,則從DispatcherServlet.properties配置文件中(這個配置在spring-webmvc工程下org/springframework/web/servlet/DispatcherServlet.properties)獲取默認的配置:
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org.springframework.web.servlet.LocaleResolver=org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver org.springframework.web.servlet.ThemeResolver=org.springframework.web.servlet.theme.FixedThemeResolver org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerMapping=org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping,\ org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.RequestMappingHandlerMapping org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerAdapter=org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.HttpRequestHandlerAdapter,\ org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter,\ org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.RequestMappingHandlerAdapter org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerExceptionResolver=org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver,\ org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.ResponseStatusExceptionResolver,\ org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.support.DefaultHandlerExceptionResolver org.springframework.web.servlet.RequestToViewNameTranslator=org.springframework.web.servlet.view.DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator org.springframework.web.servlet.ViewResolver=org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver org.springframework.web.servlet.FlashMapManager=org.springframework.web.servlet.support.SessionFlashMapManager |
但是onRefresh又是在什么時候調用的呢?有兩個地方,一個是Servlet初始化時會調用到initWebApplicationContext進行容器的初始化,這個方法中就會觸發onRefresh;另外還有一個,在FrameworkServlet中有一個onApplicationEvent方法,而這個方法又會被內部類ContextRefreshListener調用,這個類實現了ApplicationListener接口,表示會接收容器刷新事件。
以上就就是MVC HandlerMapping組件的初始化邏輯,其它組件實現邏輯相同,下面不再分析。
調用Controller
回到getHandler方法,其調用的是AbstractHandlerMapping類的方法:
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public final HandlerExecutionChain getHandler(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception { //根據請求的uri拿到對應的HandlerMethod對象 Object handler = getHandlerInternal(request); if (handler == null ) { handler = getDefaultHandler(); } if (handler == null ) { return null ; } // Bean name or resolved handler? if (handler instanceof String) { String handlerName = (String) handler; handler = obtainApplicationContext().getBean(handlerName); } //獲取HandlerMethod和過濾器鏈的包裝類 HandlerExecutionChain executionChain = getHandlerExecutionChain(handler, request); if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) { logger.trace( "Mapped to " + handler); } else if (logger.isDebugEnabled() && !request.getDispatcherType().equals(DispatcherType.ASYNC)) { logger.debug( "Mapped to " + executionChain.getHandler()); } //是否是跨域請求,就是查看request請求頭中是否有Origin屬性 if (CorsUtils.isCorsRequest(request)) { //自定義的鉤子方法獲取跨域配置 CorsConfiguration globalConfig = this .corsConfigurationSource.getCorsConfiguration(request); //注解獲取跨域配置 CorsConfiguration handlerConfig = getCorsConfiguration(handler, request); CorsConfiguration config = (globalConfig != null ? globalConfig.combine(handlerConfig) : handlerConfig); //這里設置了跨域的過濾器CorsInterceptor executionChain = getCorsHandlerExecutionChain(request, executionChain, config); } return executionChain; } |
先看AbstractHandlerMethodMapping.getHandlerInternal:
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protected HandlerMethod getHandlerInternal(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception { //從request對象中獲取uri,/common/query2 String lookupPath = getUrlPathHelper().getLookupPathForRequest(request); this .mappingRegistry.acquireReadLock(); try { //根據uri從映射關系中找到對應的HandlerMethod對象 HandlerMethod handlerMethod = lookupHandlerMethod(lookupPath, request); //把Controller類實例化 return (handlerMethod != null ? handlerMethod.createWithResolvedBean() : null ); } finally { this .mappingRegistry.releaseReadLock(); } } protected HandlerMethod lookupHandlerMethod(String lookupPath, HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception { List<Match> matches = new ArrayList<>(); // 根據url拿到對應的RequestMappingInfo List<T> directPathMatches = this .mappingRegistry.getMappingsByUrl(lookupPath); if (directPathMatches != null ) { addMatchingMappings(directPathMatches, matches, request); } if (matches.isEmpty()) { // No choice but to go through all mappings... addMatchingMappings( this .mappingRegistry.getMappings().keySet(), matches, request); } if (!matches.isEmpty()) { Comparator<Match> comparator = new MatchComparator(getMappingComparator(request)); matches.sort(comparator); Match bestMatch = matches.get( 0 ); if (matches.size() > 1 ) { if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) { logger.trace(matches.size() + " matching mappings: " + matches); } if (CorsUtils.isPreFlightRequest(request)) { return PREFLIGHT_AMBIGUOUS_MATCH; } Match secondBestMatch = matches.get( 1 ); //如果兩個RequestMappinginfo什么都相同,報錯 if (comparator.compare(bestMatch, secondBestMatch) == 0 ) { Method m1 = bestMatch.handlerMethod.getMethod(); Method m2 = secondBestMatch.handlerMethod.getMethod(); String uri = request.getRequestURI(); throw new IllegalStateException( "Ambiguous handler methods mapped for '" + uri + "': {" + m1 + ", " + m2 + "}" ); } } request.setAttribute(BEST_MATCHING_HANDLER_ATTRIBUTE, bestMatch.handlerMethod); handleMatch(bestMatch.mapping, lookupPath, request); return bestMatch.handlerMethod; } else { return handleNoMatch( this .mappingRegistry.getMappings().keySet(), lookupPath, request); } } private void addMatchingMappings(Collection<T> mappings, List<Match> matches, HttpServletRequest request) { for (T mapping : mappings) { // 拿到匹配的RequestMappingInfo對象,有可能url相同,@RequestMapping的屬性(請求方式、參數等)匹配不上 T match = getMatchingMapping(mapping, request); if (match != null ) { //RequestMappingInfo對象和HandlerMethod對象封裝到Match對象中,其實就是注解屬性和Method對象的映射 matches.add( new Match(match, this .mappingRegistry.getMappings().get(mapping))); } } } |
這里邏輯很簡單,就是通過請求url從urlLookup中拿到對應的RequestMappingInfo(每一個 @RequestMapping對應一個RequestMappingInfo對象)對象,再根據RequestMappingInfo對象從mappingLookup拿到對應的HandlerMethod并返回。
但這里你可能會比較好奇urlLookup和mappingLookup從哪里來的,仔細觀察你會發現當前這個類實現了一個接口InitializingBean,實現了這個接口的類會在該類的Bean實例化完成后調用afterPropertiesSet方法,上面的映射關系就是在這個方法中做的。實際上這個方法不止完成了上面兩個映射關系,還有下面兩個:
corsLookup:handlerMethod -> corsConfig
registry:RequestMappingInfo -> MappingRegistration(包含url、handlerMethod、RequestMappingInfo、name等信息)
這里就不展開分析了,奉上一張時序圖,讀者可根據下面的時序圖自行分析:
拿到HandlerMethod對象后,又會通過getHandlerExecutionChain方法去獲取到所有的HandlerInterceptor攔截器對象,并連同HandlerMethod對象一起封裝為HandlerExecutionChain。之后是獲取跨域配置,這里不詳細分析。
拿到HandlerExecutionChain對象后返回到doDispatch方法,又調用了getHandlerAdapter
方法拿到HandlerAdapter:
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protected HandlerAdapter getHandlerAdapter(Object handler) throws ServletException { //根據handlerMethod對象,找到合適的HandlerAdapter對象,這里用到了策略模式 if ( this .handlerAdapters != null ) { for (HandlerAdapter adapter : this .handlerAdapters) { if (adapter.supports(handler)) { return adapter; } } } } |
這里的handlerAdapters變量值從哪里來?相信不用我再分析,主要看這里的設計思想,典型的策略模式。
之后調用完前置過濾器后,才是真正調用我們controller方法的邏輯,通過HandlerAdapter.handle去調用,最終會調用到ServletInvocableHandlerMethod.invokeAndHandle:
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public void invokeAndHandle(ServletWebRequest webRequest, ModelAndViewContainer mavContainer, Object... providedArgs) throws Exception { //具體調用邏輯,重點看 Object returnValue = invokeForRequest(webRequest, mavContainer, providedArgs); setResponseStatus(webRequest); if (returnValue == null ) { if (isRequestNotModified(webRequest) || getResponseStatus() != null || mavContainer.isRequestHandled()) { mavContainer.setRequestHandled( true ); return ; } } else if (StringUtils.hasText(getResponseStatusReason())) { mavContainer.setRequestHandled( true ); return ; } mavContainer.setRequestHandled( false ); Assert.state( this .returnValueHandlers != null , "No return value handlers" ); try { //返回值處理 this .returnValueHandlers.handleReturnValue( returnValue, getReturnValueType(returnValue), mavContainer, webRequest); } catch (Exception ex) { if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) { logger.trace(formatErrorForReturnValue(returnValue), ex); } throw ex; } } |
這個方法里面主要看invokeForRequest和handleReturnValue的調用,前者是完成參數綁定并調用controller,后者則是對返回值進行處理并封裝到ModelAndViewContainer中。先來看invokeForRequest:
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public Object invokeForRequest(NativeWebRequest request, @Nullable ModelAndViewContainer mavContainer, Object... providedArgs) throws Exception { //獲取參數數組 Object[] args = getMethodArgumentValues(request, mavContainer, providedArgs); if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) { logger.trace( "Arguments: " + Arrays.toString(args)); } return doInvoke(args); } |
doInvoke就是完成反射調用,主要還是看參數綁定的實現邏輯,在getMethodArgumentValues方法中:
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protected Object[] getMethodArgumentValues(NativeWebRequest request, @Nullable ModelAndViewContainer mavContainer, Object... providedArgs) throws Exception { if (ObjectUtils.isEmpty(getMethodParameters())) { return EMPTY_ARGS; } //入參的包裝類,里面包裝了參數類型,參數名稱,參數注解等等信息 MethodParameter[] parameters = getMethodParameters(); Object[] args = new Object[parameters.length]; for ( int i = 0 ; i < parameters.length; i++) { MethodParameter parameter = parameters[i]; //設置參數名稱解析器 parameter.initParameterNameDiscovery( this .parameterNameDiscoverer); args[i] = findProvidedArgument(parameter, providedArgs); if (args[i] != null ) { continue ; } //典型的策略模式,根據parameter能否找到對應參數的處理類,能找到就返回true if (! this .resolvers.supportsParameter(parameter)) { throw new IllegalStateException(formatArgumentError(parameter, "No suitable resolver" )); } try { //具體參數值解析過程,重點看看 args[i] = this .resolvers.resolveArgument(parameter, mavContainer, request, this .dataBinderFactory); } catch (Exception ex) { // Leave stack trace for later, exception may actually be resolved and handled.. if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { String error = ex.getMessage(); if (error != null && !error.contains(parameter.getExecutable().toGenericString())) { logger.debug(formatArgumentError(parameter, error)); } } throw ex; } } return args; } |
參數、返回值解析
因為參數類型非常多,同時還會伴隨各種注解,如:@RequestBody、@RequestParam、@PathVariable等,所以參數解析的工作是非常繁雜的,同時還要考慮到擴展性,所以SpringMVC依然采用了策略模式來完成對各種參數類型的解析綁定,其頂層接口就是HandlerMethodArgumentResolver,而默認SpringMVC提供的解析方式就高達20多種:
上面是類圖,讀者可根據自己熟悉的參數類型找到對應的類進行分析,最核心的還是要掌握這里的設計思想。
接著方法調用完成后就是對返回值的處理,同樣的,返回值類型也是非常多,也可以使用各種注解標注,所以也是使用策略模式實現,其頂層接口是HandlerMethodReturnValueHandler,實現類如下:
調用完成之后就是執行后續操作了:執行中置過濾器、處理全局異常、視圖渲染以及執行后置過濾器,這些與主流程沒有太大關系,本篇不展開分析了,最后是MVC的執行時序圖:
總結
本篇是Spring核心原理系列的最后一篇,前前后后花了一個月時間,終于從宏觀上大致上理解了Spring的實現原理和運行機制,明白了之前項目中一些坑是如何產生的,最主要的是學到設計模式的運用以及如何利用Spring的一些常用的擴展點進行自定義擴展。但對于Spring這個龐大的體系來說,還有很多是要去理解學習的,尤其是設計思想,只有長期琢磨才能深刻的理解掌握。在我之前的文章中包括本篇還有很多沒分析到的細節,在后面我會不定期分享出來。希望能給大家一個參考,也希望大家多多支持服務器之家。
原文鏈接:https://blog.csdn.net/l6108003/article/details/106770028