Spring支持注解配置
引入注解依賴
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< beans xmlns = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd"> |
啟用注解
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< context:annotation-config /> |
使用@Autowired注解實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)裝配
1、IOC容器配置
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<? xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8" ?> < beans xmlns = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd"> < context:annotation-config /> < bean id = "cat" class = "indi.stitch.pojo.Cat" /> < bean id = "dog" class = "indi.stitch.pojo.Dog" /> < bean id = "people" class = "indi.stitch.pojo.People" /> </ beans > |
2、實(shí)體類使用@Autowired注解注入屬性
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package indi.stitch.pojo; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; public class People { @Autowired private Cat cat; @Autowired private Dog dog; public Cat getCat() { return cat; } public Dog getDog() { return dog; } @Override public String toString() { return "People{" + "cat=" + cat + ", dog=" + dog + '}' ; } } |
Cat實(shí)體類
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package indi.stitch.pojo; public class Cat { public void shout() { System.out.println( "miao~" ); } } |
Dog實(shí)體類
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package indi.stitch.pojo; public class Dog { public void shout() { System.out.println( "wang~" ); } } |
使用@Autowired注解支持自動(dòng)注入后,可以省略實(shí)體類的setter方法
3、測試結(jié)果
使用Java類庫中的@Resource注解可以實(shí)現(xiàn)相同的效果,@Autowired和@Resource注解的區(qū)別是
- @Autowired注解默認(rèn)按byType方式實(shí)現(xiàn),@Resource注解默認(rèn)按byName方式實(shí)現(xiàn)
- @Autowired注解在IOC容器中配置了多個(gè)相同類型的bean時(shí),需要配合@Qualifier找到唯一bean
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@Autowired @Qualifier ( "cat" ) private Cat cat; |
@Resource注解可以配置name和type屬性進(jìn)行bean的注入
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@Resource (name = "dog" , type = Dog. class ) private Dog dog; |
@Resource屬性單獨(dú)使用name屬性后,將不會(huì)按照byType方式查找bean,@Autowired注解可以使用required屬性來決定注入的屬性是否允許為空
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@Autowired (required = false ) @Qualifier ( "cat" ) private Cat cat; |
@Autowired注解的使用和注入規(guī)則
作為一個(gè)Spring開發(fā)者對(duì)@Autowired注解必定是非常了解了, 顧名思義自動(dòng)裝配,應(yīng)該是Spring會(huì)自動(dòng)將我們標(biāo)記為@Autowired的元素裝配好,與其猜測不如看看它的定義:
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@Target ({ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR, ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.PARAMETER, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE}) @Retention (RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Documented public @interface Autowired { boolean required() default true ; } |
很明顯這個(gè)注解可以用到構(gòu)造器,變量域,方法,注解類型和方法參數(shù)上。文檔上這樣描述:將一個(gè)構(gòu)造器,變量域,setter方法,config方法標(biāo)記為被Spring DI 工具自動(dòng)裝配。換句話說,在Spring創(chuàng)建bean的過程中,會(huì)為這個(gè)bean中標(biāo)有@Autowired注解的構(gòu)造器,變量域,方法和方法參數(shù)中自動(dòng)注入我們需要的已經(jīng)在Spring IOC容器里面的bean,,而無需我們手動(dòng)完成,并且注入的bean都是單實(shí)例,也就是在兩個(gè)bean中都依賴第三個(gè)bean,那么這兩個(gè)bean中注入的第三個(gè)bean會(huì)是同一個(gè)bean(JVM中指向的地址相同)。
在@Autowired注解里面有一個(gè)required屬性,該屬性默認(rèn)為true,當(dāng)為true時(shí),表示去Spring IOC中查找相應(yīng)的bean,如果找不到,則會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò),如果為false時(shí),表示去Spring IOC中查找相應(yīng)的bean,如果找不到,則直接忽略,不再進(jìn)行注入。
@Autowired注解的注入規(guī)則:默認(rèn)按照類型進(jìn)行注入,如果IOC容器中存在兩個(gè)及以上的相同類型的bean時(shí),根據(jù)bean的名稱進(jìn)行注入,如果沒有指定名稱的bean,則會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)。
可以使用@Qualifier("wheel")來使用指定id的bean,也可以在注入bean時(shí),添加@Primary注解,優(yōu)先添加一個(gè)bean,其規(guī)則如下:
如果指定添加了@Qualifier("wheel")則按照指定的bean id進(jìn)行添加(優(yōu)先級(jí)最高),找不到則直接報(bào)錯(cuò)。如果沒有添加@Qualifier而添加了@Primary注解,則首先添加標(biāo)注了@Primary注解的bean。當(dāng)即存在@Qualifier注解也存在@Primary注解注解,則按照@Qualifier指定的bean id注入,找不到直接報(bào)錯(cuò)。
很多人java開發(fā)者都知道@Autowired注解,但是真正用的好的也不多(反正系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)Spring之前我是不知道的),那下面讓我們來看一下@Autowired的用法:
1.使用在變量域上面
這個(gè)相信大家都已經(jīng)清楚了,Spring會(huì)幫我們注入我們想要的bean,看下面的例子:
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package it.cast.circularDependency; @Component public class Wheel { } @Component public class Car { @Autowired private Wheel wheel2; public Wheel getWheel() { return wheel2; } public void setWheel(Wheel wheel2) { this .wheel2 = wheel2; } } @ComponentScan ({ "it.cast.circularDependency" }) public class AutowiredConfig { } |
下面進(jìn)行測試,打印的結(jié)果顯示可以拿到Wheel類,說明@Autowired注解在IOC容器中只有一個(gè)類型的bean時(shí),按照類型進(jìn)行注入。
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@Test public void AutowiredConfigTest(){ AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(AutowiredConfig. class ); Car bean = context.getBean(Car. class ); System.out.println(bean.getWheel()); } //打印結(jié)果: // it.cast.circularDependency.Wheel@3eb25e1a |
下面看一下當(dāng)IOC容器中有兩個(gè)Wheel類型的bean時(shí)的情況,改造Wheel類,增加一個(gè)屬性標(biāo)識(shí)用于記錄向Car類中注入的哪個(gè)Wheel的bean,在AutowiredConfig配置類中添加一個(gè)bean,bean的名稱默認(rèn)為方法名,也就是wheel1。
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@Component public class Wheel { private int num = 2 ; //通過包掃描的方式注入的bean的num值為2 public int getNum() { return num; } public void setNum( int num) { this .num = num; } } @Component public class Car { @Autowired private Wheel wheel3; //將變量名改成wheel3,IOC容器中Wheel類型的bean的名稱只有wheel和wheel1 public Wheel getWheel() { return wheel3; } public void setWheel(Wheel wheel3) { this .wheel3 = wheel3; } } @Configuration @ComponentScan ({ "it.cast.circularDependency" }) public class AutowiredConfig { @Bean public Wheel wheel1(){ Wheel wheel = new Wheel(); //通過配置類注入bean的方式num值為0 wheel.setNum( 0 ); return wheel; } } |
這時(shí)在Spring IOC中有兩個(gè)Wheel類型的bean了,Car在注入Wheel類型的bean時(shí),會(huì)根據(jù)變量名wheel3去找,也就是說會(huì)去找類型為Wheel,名稱為wheel3的bean,顯然是找不到的,也就會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)。
Exception encountered during context initialization - cancelling refresh attempt:
org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException:
Error creating bean with name 'car':
Unsatisfied dependency expressed through field 'wheel3';
nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException:
No qualifying bean of type 'it.cast.circularDependency.Wheel' available:
expected single matching bean but found 2: wheel,wheel1
org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException:
Error creating bean with name 'car': Unsatisfied dependency expressed through field 'wheel3';
nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException:
No qualifying bean of type 'it.cast.circularDependency.Wheel' available:
expected single matching bean but found 2: wheel,wheel1
上面為報(bào)錯(cuò)的日志打印,大致意思說的在創(chuàng)建名稱為car的bean時(shí),不能為變量域wheel3完成屬性注入,因?yàn)檎业搅藘蓚€(gè)bean,分別是wheel和wheel1。
如果我們把Car中的wheel3換成wheel就可以完成注入了,而且注入的bean是通過包掃描注入IOC的bean:
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@Component public class Wheel { private int num = 2 ; //通過包掃描的方式注入的bean的num值為2 public int getNum() { return num; } public void setNum( int num) { this .num = num; } } @Component public class Car { @Autowired private Wheel wheel; //將變量名改成wheel1,IOC容器中Wheel類型的bean的名稱只有wheel和wheel1 public Wheel getWheel() { return wheel; } public void setWheel(Wheel wheel3) { this .wheel = wheel; } } @Configuration @ComponentScan ({ "it.cast.circularDependency" }) public class AutowiredConfig { @Bean public Wheel wheel1(){ Wheel wheel = new Wheel(); //通過配置類注入bean的方式num值為0 wheel.setNum( 0 ); return wheel; } } |
在測試類中打印num值看看注入的是哪個(gè)bean:
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@Test public void AutowiredConfigTest(){ AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(AutowiredConfig. class ); Car bean = context.getBean(Car. class ); System.out.println(bean.getWheel().getNum()); } //打印結(jié)果: // 2 |
那么就驗(yàn)證了上面所說的注入規(guī)則:默認(rèn)按照類型進(jìn)行注入,如果IOC容器中存在兩個(gè)及以上的相同類型的bean時(shí),根據(jù)bean的名稱進(jìn)行注入,如果沒有指定名稱的bean,則會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)。
@Autowired注解使用在變量域中還可以解決循環(huán)依賴的問題,循環(huán)依賴問題就是A對(duì)象中注入了B對(duì)象,B對(duì)象中注入了A對(duì)象,循環(huán)依賴在面試Spring這一塊的知識(shí)應(yīng)該經(jīng)常會(huì)被問題,關(guān)于循環(huán)依賴的問題,在后面的博客中會(huì)更新。
2.@Autowired注解使用在構(gòu)造器上面
@Autowired使用在構(gòu)造器上面有幾條需要特別注意的點(diǎn):
1.@Autowired標(biāo)注在構(gòu)造器上面不能解決循環(huán)依賴構(gòu)造的問題
2.@Autowired可以標(biāo)注在同一個(gè)類的多個(gè)構(gòu)造器上面,但是required屬性必須都為false,當(dāng)required有一個(gè)為true時(shí),不允許其他構(gòu)造器標(biāo)有@Autowired注解,即使required屬性為false也不行。
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@Component public class A { private B b; private C c; @Autowired public A(B b, C c) { System.out.println( "b=" + b + ", c=" + c); this .b = b; this .c = c; } } @Component public class B { } @Component public class C { } //打印結(jié)果: // b=it.cast.circularDependency.B@68e965f5, c=it.cast.circularDependency.C@6f27a732 |
@Autowired標(biāo)注在構(gòu)造器上面,在B創(chuàng)建的過程中,會(huì)去Spring IOC中拿到需要的注入的bean,完成B的創(chuàng)建,其實(shí)在只有一個(gè)構(gòu)造器的情況中,@Autowired可以不加,因?yàn)镾pring內(nèi)部有自動(dòng)推斷構(gòu)造器的能力,這個(gè)如果想了解自動(dòng)推斷構(gòu)造器的同學(xué)可以自行百度(實(shí)在是太難了,一臉蒙蔽)。
下面看一個(gè)構(gòu)造器循壞依賴的案例:
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@Component public class C { private B b; public C(B b) { this .b = b; } } @Component public class B { private C c; public B(C c) { this .c = c; } } |
Spring目前不能解決構(gòu)造器的循環(huán)依賴,所以在項(xiàng)目中使用的時(shí)候要格外注意一下,錯(cuò)誤日志:
org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException:
Error creating bean with name 'a' defined in file
[E:\IdeaProjects\javaBasis\spring\target\classes\it\cast\circularDependency\A.class]:
Unsatisfied dependency expressed through constructor parameter 0;
nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException:
Error creating bean with name 'b' defined in file
[E:\IdeaProjects\javaBasis\spring\target\classes\it\cast\circularDependency\B.class]:
Unsatisfied dependency expressed through constructor parameter 0;
nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException:
Error creating bean with name 'c' defined in file
[E:\IdeaProjects\javaBasis\spring\target\classes\it\cast\circularDependency\C.class]:
Unsatisfied dependency expressed through constructor parameter 0;
nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCurrentlyInCreationException:
Error creating bean with name 'b':
Requested bean is currently in creation: Is there an unresolvable circular reference?
下面看一下關(guān)于多個(gè)@Autowired標(biāo)注的構(gòu)造器的案例:
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@Component public class A { private B b; private C c; @Autowired (required = false ) public A(B b) { this .b = b; } @Autowired public A(B b, C c) { System.out.println( "b=" + b + ", c=" + c); this .b = b; this .c = c; } } @Component public class B { } @Component public class C { } |
上面已經(jīng)說到,如果@Autowired注解的屬性required為true時(shí),不允許再出現(xiàn)其他構(gòu)造器上面標(biāo)有@Autowired注解(@Autowired注解的required默認(rèn)為true,所以上面的會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)),錯(cuò)誤日志為:
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException:
Error creating bean with name 'a': Invalid autowire-marked constructors:
[public it.cast.circularDependency.A(it.cast.circularDependency.B)].
Found constructor with 'required' Autowired annotation:
public it.cast.circularDependency.A(it.cast.circularDependency.B,it.cast.circularDependency.C)
使用下面的寫法就不會(huì)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤了,Spring支持多個(gè)構(gòu)造器有@Autowired注解,但是required屬性必須都是false
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@Component public class A { private B b; private C c; @Autowired (required = false ) public A(B b) { this .b = b; } @Autowired (required = false ) public A(B b, C c) { System.out.println( "b=" + b + ", c=" + c); this .b = b; this .c = c; } } @Component public class B { } @Component public class C { } |
關(guān)于@Autowired標(biāo)注在方法上就不多介紹,會(huì)首先拿到方法的參數(shù)列表,然后根據(jù)上面所說的注入規(guī)則去Spring IOC中找相應(yīng)的bean。
以上為個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn),希望能給大家一個(gè)參考,也希望大家多多支持服務(wù)器之家。
原文鏈接:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_39209361/article/details/115102012